Abboah-Offei et al. phone interviews. Serum zinc/iron/copper/chromium/nickel, vitamin supplements D/B12, folates, triglycerides, and LDL/HDL/total cholesterol had been measured. Cases resided more regularly in cities (61.8% vs. 57%). Situations and handles didn’t differ by functioning macrocategories considerably, however the percentage of employees in the ceramic sector was higher among situations. Low adherence to precautionary measures at work was more common among seropositives. Folate concentration was lower among situations significantly. APG-115 Therefore, sufficient folate levels, surviving in rural areas, and great adherence to precautionary strategies seem defensive against an infection. Employees in the ceramic sector appear to be at better risk; specific elements involved aren’t defined, but precautionary interventions are required. Keywords: COVID-19, immune system response, SARS-CoV-2, employees, antibody, caseCcontrol research 1. Launch The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to the serious acute respiratory symptoms coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) trojan, has already triggered a lot more than 761 million attacks and 6 million fatalities globally [1]. Italy was the initial Western european nation significantly suffering from the pandemic, especially in the north of the country, with its 1st case of COVID-19 reported in February 2020 [2]. As of March 2023, more than 25 million instances of COVID-19 have been confirmed in Italy [3]. Many countries, including Italy, APG-115 have implemented non-pharmaceutical guidelines such as lockdowns, interpersonal distancing, the use of face masks, personal hygiene steps, quarantine, and appropriate promotion of such strategies [2]. These strategies or non-observance of the pointed out measures can change the prevalence of the disease even months after the beginning of the pandemic [4]. In spring 2020, the WHO called for regional and national serosurveys, or the monitoring of confirmed instances, to estimate the degree of SARS-CoV-2 illness in the general population [5]. Several serosurveys have been carried out worldwide to assess the proportion of the population with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 [6,7]. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) is the platinum standard molecular test for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 illness. However, SARS-CoV-2 can induce innate and acquired immunity, resulting in the common inflammatory response to the disease [8] and the production of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein or nucleocapsid (N) protein [9]. The seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may allow estimation of the total quantity of infections, recognition of undetected asymptomatic individuals, and recognition of population organizations with an increased risk of illness [4,8,10]. Many studies have found higher illness risk among healthcare workers, who are known to be at higher risk of occupational exposure to biological agents, particularly infectious pathogens [11,12,13]. In general, the risk is considered higher for workers involved in providing services to the general public and for workers involved in activities with close APG-115 physical proximity, especially in indoor settings or with shared transport or accommodation. Examples of such workers include the aforementioned healthcare workers, chemists, bank and supermarket employees, taxi drivers, and workers in the sports industry [14]. Additional studies carried out in the province of Modena, Italy, reported related results [2,10]. The part of habits, nutrients, trace elements, and clinical conditions in COVID-19 has been researched. Smoking has a controversial part in the development and severity of the illness [12,15,16,17]. COVID-19 individuals with preexisting conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, a history of cancer, dislipidemia, or obesity are at higher risk of severe disease [17,18,19,20]. Respiratory diseases have different effects on the illness, with non-severe asthma suggested as being protecting [16,21] and additional diseases causing higher risk [22,23]. A higher risk is associated with dysregulation in the immune response, leading to a cytokine storm [24]. The potential preventive and restorative part of D and B vitamins has been investigated, as a possible immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral action has been suggested [25,26,27]. The possible part of metals has also been Spp1 of interest. Zinc and copper may have protecting immunomodulatory and antiviral functions [28,29]. Iron is essential for high-load viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, which is definitely inhibited by iron chelators in vitro [30]. Additional trace elements, such as chromium and nickel, have been investigated as expressions of environmental and/or industrial.